The Duality of Human Nature as an Anthropological Principle

The article delves into an analysis of duality as a fundamental anthropological principle that forms the basis for understanding what it means to be human. The article uncovers the ideological continuity within Russian anthropological projects, while also highlighting significant differences between Russian and European thought in this context. F.I. Girenok's philosophy is presented as a unique project in modern thought, marked by its distinctiveness and originality. F.I. Girenok's works, noted for their succinctness, accessibility, and meaningfulness, serve as the basis for the analysis of this project. Philosophical problems, which can be elucidated by understanding duality as a fundamental anthropological principle, are explored in the article. The article argues that considerations of intellectual continuity, originality, and real-world relevance are essential when analyzing the views of thinkers such as F.M. Dostoevsky and F.I. Girenok on the human condition. The approach to the human condition in both historical and contemporary Russian philosophy is revealed in the article. Using European philosophy as an example, the article analyzes the implications of excluding this issue from philosophical thought and underscores the pressing need for its reintegration into philosophical discourse. The article focuses on how F.I. Girenok's ideas can be used as a framework for evaluating the future development of society. The potential for developing a distinct Russian philosophy, a necessity in the current reality, is uncovered in the article. The author substantiates that Russian philosophical anthropology contributes to the development of Russian thought in a unique manner and secures its distinct position in modern philosophy.

1. Descartes R. (1994) Meditations on First Philosophy, in which the Existence of God and the Distinction between the Human Soul and Body are Demonstrated. In: Descartes R. Collected Works (Vol. 2, pp. 3–72). Moscow: Mysl’ (Russian translation).

2. Dostoevsky F.M. (1971) Unpublished Dostoevsky: Notebooks and Diaries 1860–1881. Moscow: Nauka (in Russian).

3. Dostoevsky F.M. (1972) The Double. In: Dostoevsky F.M. Complete Works (Vol. 1, pp. 109–229). Leningrad: Nauka (in Russian).

4. Dostoevsky F.M. (1973) Notes from Underground. In: Dostoevsky F.M. Complete Works (Vol. 5, pp. 99–179). Leningrad: Nauka (in Russian).

5. Dostoevsky F.M. (1984) A Writer’s Diary: September–December 1877 – August 1880. In: Dostoevsky F.M. Complete Works (Vol. 26). Leningrad: Nauka (in Russian).

6. Dostoevsky F.M. (1988) Letters: 1878–1881. In: Dostoevsky F.M. Complete Works (Vol. 30, book 1). Leningrad: Nauka (in Russian).

7. Foucault M. (2012) “Man Does Not Actually Exist”: Michel Foucault on What Psychology Is. Theory & Practice. Retrieved from https://theoryandpractice.ru/posts/5556-cheloveka-na-samom-dele-ne-sushchestvuet-mishel-fuko-o-tom-chto-takoe-psikhologiya (Russian translation).

8. Girenok F.I. (2008) The Pleasure of Thinking Differently. Moscow: Akademicheskiy proekt (in Russian).

9. Girenok F.I. (2013) Figures and Folds. Moscow: Akademicheskiy proekt (in Russian).

10. Girenok F.I. (2019) Philosophical Analysis of the Idea of Human Existence Dualism. Vestnik Tomskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. No. 449, pp. 71–75 (in Russian).

11. Girenok F.I. (2021) Introduction to Singular Philosophy. Moscow: Prospekt (in Russian).

12. Rostova N.N. (2022) The Soft Power of Posthumanism. What Prevents Us from Thinking in Russian? Moscow: Prospekt (in Russian).