The article is devoted to the analysis of interrelation between two basic directions of development of scientific knowledge: natural sciences and the humanities. The author shows that sciences of the first type are focused on research of vital circumstances while sciences of the second type are focused more on revealing of sense and the purpose of human life. The special receptions and methods, corresponding the concentration of attention of researchers on problems real or due were formed in the light of problems to be solved in the both types of sciences. During the human history the leading position of sciences of the first or second type periodically changed depending on depending on what has focused the attention of researchers.

The Birth of the History as a science discipline was attended with some paradox: the History, from the one hand, allows to declare our modernity, and on the other hand it discredits the legitimization of this modernity by the assertion of its historically determining character. This ambiguity of the History is the result of its origin from two sources - the Enlightenment ideology and the didactic tradition of historical writing. The article proposes the essay of the genealogy of historical science and the analysis of the main problematic moments in its bases. All this permits to author to make series of conclusions about the actual state and the perspectives of the History as a strict science.

The article considers the problem of Russia - Europe as it was put in the work of prominent culture expert and historian of Russian culture V.V. Veidle in connection with analysis of its European origins. According to the author, the creative heritage of Veidle, in the center of which stands the historical theme of the emerging and developing cultural unity of Russia and Europe, in tune with today’s socio-cultural and political issues. The initial setting of the author appeals to the subject is the recognition of the exceptional influence of spiritual culture (art, literature, poetry) on the development of society.

The focus of V. Veidle’s philosophical reasoning is the historic tragedy of the Russian state and Russian culture. The main thought of his philosophy of culture comes to the idea of cultural unity of Russia and Europe. Vladimir Veidle formulates the program of return to historical Russia. The main task of modern Russia should be the inheritance, succession and creative rethinking of the cultural experience.

In the recent decades, the phenomenon of barbarism actively manifests in the Russian and European communities. It begins even to claim the position of the dominant power. The form of its existence is parasitic on the culture. Can the people of culture in Russia and Europe gain a victory over barbarism separately from each other? The tragic experience of Nazism and Stalinism excludes such a hope. The hope for overcoming the common enemy is given by the union of cultural forces.

The article examines the identity formation of the largest Russian cultural researcher and philosopher, art critic Vladimir Veidle (1895 - 1979). On the basis of biographical data, memorias of Veidle, his works, the author reconstructs the events of the 20es of the 20^th century, how they influenced the identity of the writer, his philosophical ideas. She discusses the views of the thinker on the revolutionary events in Russia, their origins and destiny of Russia. Special attention is paid to reflection of Veidle about Russian culture, Russian identity.

Russian philosopher and cultural researcher Vladimir Vasilievich Veidle (1895 - 1979) visited Florence for the first time at the age of 17. Based on a considerable factual material the author of the article determines the Veidle’s Florence address, shows how Florence circumstances were related to different stages of Veidle’s intellectual work.

The article attempts to identify textual and semantic situations in which the philosophical terminology of Marx is of existential meaning, and therefore requires a new interpretation. Such contexts upon closer inspection are: an existential values, in which the unity of the inherent philosophy of Marx is rooted; interpretation of Marx’s philosophy as a form of existential philosophy; the terminological shift Marx at the end of the forties years; systematic and random intense existential terminology; context of numerous extensive citations; semantic accent on the aspect efficiency (wirken, Wirksamkeit), not materiality; review of Marx’s philosophy as a form of philosophy of life; context of existential connotations, to lose in translation; accounting biographical context.

The article analyzes the differences and similarities between the views of Spengler and Heidegger. Romanticism, philosophy of life, “die konservative Revolution” bringing closer these thinkers are too vague notions. The author considers that the main factor for theirs resemblance is the spiritual and intellectual German situation during the First World War and after it. The article also examines the Heidegger's criticism of the Spengler's historical conception for its biological foundations and fatalism.

The article is devoted to Galen’s creative heritage. The rational foundations of the medical science in Antiquity are displayed. The authors answer the question: why Galen insists that a medical must be also a philosopher? An issue of the human creature as the subject of medical study is considered together with the revealing of those rational modes of cognition which were justified by Galen. A special emphasis placed to forming of the physician personality and the impact of philosophical knowledge on the successful healing.

“Dostoevsky” of Alexey Borovoy (1875 - 1935) is a book about the history of Russian philosophy unknown in science. Philosophy of Dostoevsky had influence on the forming of the anarchism of Borovoy. He connected ideas of Dostoevsky with romanticism and bergsonism. In this article are used unpublished memoires, diaries and articles of Borovoy.

The model of the communication act shows the nature of related cognitive circumstances. The article explains the concept of cognitive resonance. The communicative act is gradually transformed into one of the systems of self-identification. The author also discusses the intellectual practices contributing to overcome the difficulties of modern communication.

In addition to usual way of teaching children and teenagers rational and reasonable thinking at school with the help of certain sciences, the new philosophical method of intellectual development “Trilogy of Mind” is an effective means of deep development of children’s reasonable thinking. This method was created on the base of ancient thinking means - types of alternatives which create a natural line of comparative concepts promoting integration of fragments of school knowledge from different subjects.