The article shows the notion of the «Second World» in its making. As a matter of fact, the Second World, the socialist world, appeared as the most important historical result of the October Revolution of 1917. Much attention is paid to the events leading up to the Second World in Russia’s search for its national or independent way of development over the last centuries. Arguments are proposed for the interpretation of Russian history (including the Soviet period) as a complex process of the emergence of an industrial and at the same time non-capitalist society.

There is a need for new classification of sciences as a result of mass production of scientific knowledge. Critical analysis shows that traditional library classifications let alone are not suitable for this purpose. Science today has a complicated structure. The concept of science encompasses a system of knowledge that meet certain requirements, the system of scientific institutions and virtual teams, the system of studies, finance, and scientific staff. For quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the effectiveness of research scientometric methods and special scientific expertise are used. All structural components of modern science require adequate classification systems. The development of a comprehensive classification of mathematics, engineering and social sciences and the humanities is urgently needed. Substantive and formal decisions in this area is one of the most important problems of modern philosophy.

The article analyzes the problem of whether quantitative evaluation of scientific efficiency is an adequate method in Russia. Questioning the objectivity of scientific efficiency indicators based on bibliometric data (number of publications, citation index, scientific journal impact-factor, and h-index) the article shows the reasons for underestimation of the contribution of the Russian science, socio-humanitarian science in particular, to world science in WOS and SCOPUS databases, and concludes that the current deficiencies of the Russian Science Citation Index national database call for the creation of a new national database of scientific publications and citing.

The essay’s purport is to clarify present correlation between social and technological forms of progress. By analyzing substantial historical and philosophical material the author makes the inference that technological progress suppresses inner integrity of social progress as it reduces social values to the function of counteraction technological influence on society.

The article draws the cultural and historic picture of the relations between common-sense, philosophical, occult, and scientific consciousness and technology in Europe in the end of the 14^th and the start of the 20^th centuries, namely the situations, in which technology is understood as magic sui generis, and examines the application of Ernst Kapp’s “organ projection” concept, which gave rise to the philosophy of technology.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the evolution of Bakunin's views on the State and the social order in the second half of the 1860s and in the beginning of the 1870s. In this time, the final transition of Bakunin from the socialist-federalist views to the anarchist positions occurred, and he played a decisive role in the emerging of the International anarchist movement.

The article presents the historical and philosophical analysis of the image of M.A. Bakunin in the writings of philosophers of Russian diaspora. It deals with the genesis and causes of origin of this image. The author proves that the mystical anarchism and literary discussions around Dostoevsky’s creativity in the early XX century marked the beginning of philosophical mystification of Bakunin’s image.

The article analyzes the works of the conservative thinker, philosopher, traditionalist and esotericist baron Julius Evola. The author has made an attempt to consider the ideological views of Evola and individual milestones of his life, to analyze the «traditionalist paradigm». The article is problem-interpretative in its nature and does not claim to provide full historical and philosophical generalizations. That is why most attention is paid to the «metaphysical concept of» history and the problems of civilization morphology, and Evola’s esoteric doctrine is left aside.

The article reconstructs the notion of subject in the works of Machiavelli and shows it as the basis of his (political) ontology. The latter cannot be called idealistic despite the fact that the subject becomes the foundation of definition. On the contrary we prove that it overthrows idealistic concepts, revealing political practice behind them (in the appropriate historic and social context).

The article analyzes Niccolò Machiavelli’s political works to determine the thinker’s goals in writing them and to consider «Machiavellian ethics». The author’s thesis is that ethical assessment of Machiavelli’s political recommendations cannot be competent without taking into account of political situation in Italy of the 16^th century. The thesis is supported by reference to Machiavelli’s works and a brief excursus in Renaissance’s Italy history.

The article attempts to compare Niccolò Machiavelli’s treatise «The Prince» with Leonardo da Vinci’s notebooks and the Machiavellian governor with the Da Vincian artist, revealing the texts’ similarity in methodology and meaning.