The article reveals different ways of constituting meanings of a thing in French and Latin texts by R. Descartes, and their Russian translations. A special place in this article takes a notion of belief which is considered as an underlying intention of the Cartesian philosophy. Declarative verbs witness to a right of belief and perform a function of protecting its truth.

The article examines the interpretation of politics as one of the basic conditions for philosophy existence offered by A. Badiou. The author analyzes his strategy of politics understanding as the production of a radically new state of society breaking with the existing political order. He detects the foundations and principle contradictions of Badiou's meta-political platform that rejects the category equipment of the contemporary political philosophy and offers the vision of politics on the basis of his mathematical ontology and theory of cultural worlds logics. In this perspective, the left-wing criticism of the «late capitalism» looks as logically based on his mathematical ontology that emphasizes the meaning of the event undermining the existing order of things and establishing fidelity to truth stimulating the alternative creative strategy of political thought and action.

In the work of French philosopher Vladimir Jankelevitch (1903 - 1985) the concept of time, developed under the influence of the ideas of Henri Bergson, takes an important place. In his writings the philosopher explored the essence of time and the forms of its manifestation in human life, its paradoxes and puzzles, the positive and negative aspects associated with memory and oblivion. According to Jankelevitch, as for Bergson, time is substantial, that is ontological; being is identified with the becoming. But that is exactly why, by Jankelevitch, a person does not have access to time: the basis of his existence defies analysis, shies away from thinking. Time relates to the domain of inexpressible.

The article was retracted on July 3, 2020

The article specifies the theoretical positions of existential realism. In correlation with them the philosophical and ideological views of Albert Camus are being considered.

The paper presents three books of Paul Ricœur: Around psychoanalysis (2008), Hermeneutics (2010), Philosophical Anthropology (2013), prepared for printing by colleagues and friends of thinker and published by the Paul Ricœur Foundation. The book includes texts of manuscripts, speeches, archival materials of philosopher (since 1939), first published in French. These texts are unknown in many countries. As an invaluable application the translation of Paul Ricœur’s speech Personal abilities and mutual recognition is published. This speech was prepared (but not delivered by P. Ricœur on health grounds) on the occasion of receiving by P. Ricœur Kluge Prize at the Library of Congress December 20, 2004.

This article analyzes the philosophical and sociological concept of M. Halbwachs. The French philosopher aimed to create science, which explains social problems and specifics of consciousness based on the results of the study of specific social phenomena. According to Halbwachs a science about society should lean against the empirical data and be guided by strict logic methods. The social reality is so objective as well as material world. The consciousness and behavior of the person are appreciably formed under the influence of a society.

In work “Individual consciousness and collective intelligence” Halbwachs states a concept of social character of consciousness. The author proves objective sense of the social reality proving in material forms, implanted in space and time and giving in to visual perception of a researcher. Halbwachs distinguishes morphological (form-building) and spiritual factors of the life of the society. The philosopher does a conclusion about social conditionality consciousness of the person and about mutual complement of social and individual consciousnesses.

The article analyzes one of most important mental abilities called “common sense” which is related to the judgements about precrate life. It isn’t neither a theoretical knowledge, nor the moral decision; it conduct neither to the feats, nor to the fulfill meets, but without common sens an ordinal prèerate life is impossible. This ability was studied by the philosophers of the XVIII century, mostly in France.

The text reveals the views of J.A. Condorcet, French philosopher, mathematician and sociologist, the famous writer and politician on the public education. The author considers public education as a the duty of society to citizens. He believes the public education to be a tool for establishing equality of rights of people and for avoidance of subordination, since, in his opinion, educational inequality is a major source of tyranny.