The author points out the rules and difficulties of adequate translation of categories used by Marx in his matherialistic theory. Thorough textological analysis of Marx's works and comparison of the German original with its Russian translation reveal the authentic content of the categories «human society» and «civil society», «social activity» and «civil activity», accentuate the categorial set of «production», «communication» (Verkehr) and «society». As a result the scientist and reader are provided withup-to-date and effective instruments for learning how a new, humane society actually develops in the modern world.

In this article the author argues for interpreting the method of Heidegger’s fundamental ontology as «existential deduction». This title allows considering this ontology in comparison with other versions of deduction in the history of philosophy. The article also treats on the basic principles of Heidegger’s existential analysis of Dasein, relations of existential grounding and its main fundament, die Sorge.

In the article the author presentes the biographic research of the beginning of Jaspers’ understanding psychology. Methodological and theoretical strategy, the purposes of early searches of the philosopher led to the creation of method of understanding psychology are analyzed in detail. This strategy was developed later in Jaspers’ «Psychology of Worldviews» and in his existential philosophy.

The article focuses on the concept of embodied experience by Arthur Sсhopenhauer, who, in contrast to the idealistic concepts of his contemporaries, proceeded from equal importance of the psychic and the somatic in cognition and developed a theory of the double status of corporality. The body is given to us indirectly as representation and directly as will. The philosopher’s system is examined through the prism of the most influential body theories of his time, reaction to which can be found in his works.

The article considers F. Brentano’s interpretations of the notion of intentionality, provided by him in different works. Preference is given to the «school» (hence not to the «individual») aspect of his teachings. It shows that the theories of intentionality, developed by Brentano’s students, partially had already been anticipated in lectures of the teacher.

The contemporary mass consumption society loses the hierarchical structure of values. The present is an immanent self-contained world accumulating variety having no image of the future. The human being is, however, inherently in search for transcendence. This explains contemporary postsecularism, which is expressed in the «return» of religion, fundamentalism, political radicalism, which together represent civilizational challenge.

The paper is devoted to the dialogue between Russian philosophy of language and Russian poetry in their mutual search for Language entity. Grounds are given for the thesis which claims that the inward nature of the Language can be understood only by means of Poetry. The Language is treated as a depository for the Cultural memory, which possesses all the wisdom of Human history.

The article analyses the concept of synthesis of arts in the context of the French symbolism. This principle of cognition is very important for the French symbolist poets. It is the base for the creation of the supreme artwork by the elaborating the universal language.

The paper deals with the analysis of metaontologic aspects of the problem of time in the philosophy of natural sciences. The question on necessity of use of adequate methodological principles for regular representation of temporality and temporal characteristics of objects of natural sciences revealed in modern scientific researches is discussed.

The article deals with widely debated issue about the end of science. The possibility of completion of physics as a formation of a new so-called «final» theory is under consideration. Different points on the problem are described in the article. The main theoretic objectives of physics are considered, and probability of their resolution by the hypothetical «final» theory is evaluated.

The article is dedicated to the research of Childhood phenomenon in a system of philosophical metaphors. It considers archetypal images of A Child in culture, typical behavior deviations and strategies of educational influence.

The modern Russian society is characterised by increasing social differentiation. Therefore the problem of education in the spirit of tolerance becomes especially actual. The decision of this problem in many respects depends on the depth of philosophical substantiation of the inevitability of people coexistence in heterogenous social, economic and cultural spaces. In these conditions the fundamental nature of education should be understood not only as increase in the share of mathematical and natural science disciplines, but also as deepening of the humanitarian component of educational programs. They should give more consideration to the spiritual and moral components connected not so much with knowledge, as with world experience, with judgement of norms and principles of communicative relations. And here philosophical education is of no small importance.